A2: Summer work - Ettie Greenwood

1) 'BLACK HOLE' - MEDIA LANGUAGE

Sound: In this short film, only minimal non-diegetic sound is used, where the only use of this is in the foleys, where a 'whooshing' sound is heard to intimate the 'black hole' in action. By not using a music soundtrack, a sense of realism may be added to the short film and connote to the audience that this could happen in real-life (even though this is highly impossible). Also the lack of a soundtrack/ amount of foleys mirrors the setting and situation of the film - in an office-. This is seemed as a more bland profession, as hinted by the facial expression of the man and lighting choices, so if there were to many foleys and soundtracks the film could start to seem slightly unrealistic and unrepresentative. 

In this short film there is also a lack of dialogue where the protagonist does not use speech throughout. This helps the audience to focus on his facial expressions/emotions more closely. But also adds to the sense of realism as he is the only character in scene and it is rare for people to talk to themselves frequently. 

Finally, throughout the film the diegetic noise of the photocopier is repeated throughout as a background ambient noise to fill quiet spaces at times. However it could add to the sense of realism and remind the audience of the realistic setting. This could also remind the character that he is still in the 'real world' even though he tries to use the 'black hole' as escapism from his everyday life eg. stealing chocolate and money.

Mise en Scene: In the short film, a variety of concepts are used to communicate meaning to the piece: Firstly, the lighting in the film is unsaturated, dark and has a slight blue tint to it. A stronger 'key light' has also been used to create shadows on the characters face. By doing this the lighting creates a dull and realistic atmosphere which is synchronous to the setting, an office. The office setting is denoted by the use of props: computers, desks, photocopiers etc. and as the protagonist is wearing a shirt and tie, it is obvious that he is working in the office.

From looking at the protagonists' facial expressions and body language as first he connotes that he is feeling 'fed up' and tired, from what seems like a long day at work. His tie is slightly loose which also connotes how he is tired and his appearance is not a main priority. When he uses the photocopier his movements are lethargic and 'floppy' which also connotes his fatigue. However once the man has discovered the 'black hole' his facial expressions start to change to excitement, especially when he starts to steal the chocolate and money.

Camerawork: In the short film, a variety of different shot sizes are used to give the audience an omniscience view on the scene. Short sizes vary from close ups to long shots to allow the audience to see what the protagonist is doing at all times. The close ups are used at first to denote the audience of the protagonists feelings -fed up and tiredness.

POV shots are also denoted to give a different view to the film. This shot shown is the POV of the 'black hole' as the composition and framing has a black circular edge to it which is suggested to be the outline of the black circle. This also could create a life-like feel to the black hole and make it seem personified to the audience. This shot is also a high angle which may foreshadow the protagonists later power to steal money and chocolate from within the office.

There are also a few shots where forward and backwards tracking is used. An example of this is where the camera slowly tracks in slightly where the frame denotes the protagonist walking towards the vending machine. By slightly tracking in, this draws attention to the vending machine and highlights its' importance in the shot to come. It can also add some atmosphere to the shot. 

Editing: The only shot transitions used in this short film are cuts. This is the most common type of shot transition in film and is used to connote realism - which mirrors what other concepts that are also implying realism. However the editing frequency increases as the action progresses to show how the man is getting more excited about the new ability of the photocopy. 

But at the start of the short film, there is post-production editing where a text is shown displaying the name of the short film 'The Black Hole'. Then a circular wipe transition is used to reveal the footage. This circular shape imitates the photocopy of the black hole and could hint plot features, along with the title of the film.

2) 'SILENT THINGS' - REPRESENTATION OF DISABILITY 

This short film, displays the disabilities of the two characters positively. I think this done by spectator positioning whereby the two characters thoughts and feelings are shown through dialogue and close-ups. However even though that the character without the disability does use dialogue, it is less focussed on and this is shown through a lack of close-ups to reveal her facial expressions and feelings.

But firstly, the characters disabilities are first revealed to the audience through their actions: both protagonists are denoted to be flying a kite in silence then when disassembling it, they take it apart in a very organised and mirrored way as they do it together. The womens' disability is also highlighted through her body positioning where by she folds her arms upwards often and strokes her face -this could also connote a shy character as she has a 'closed' body position and has limited dialogue.

However when the male protagonist meets the teenage girl, a binary opposition is created between disability and non-disability. This is connoted by the difference in character and the protagonists lack of knowledge about 'white lies'. The binary opposition is also highlighted when the three characters are all together: the female protagonist asks the male protagonist who the teenage girl is (it can be argued that she is the antagonist). He then reports that "(he) met her this morning and she is (his) new friend", which then the female protagonist then questions "how can she be (his) friend already" and that "you can't just decide to be with friends with somebody... it's not that simple". This implies that she feels uncomfortable with the mans 'new friend' and this may be foreshadowing further negative events in the short film.

The mans disability is also more understanding to the audience where the female antagonist asks him whether he would like to go on the ferry with her, after he shows a great knowledge on how a ferry works. Because he is acting so naive about the decision and does not take into account the possible dangers, this connotes his disability on how he does not always think about dangers in life.

Once he is on the ferry his bad decision is then realised for him where he then starts to feel very uncomfortable and a series of closeups reveal this. Shots of surrounding characters are also denoted to create a binary opposition of the mans uncomfortable-ness and the other characters relaxed attitude to the ferry. A non-diegetic voice is also faintly heard to connote voices in his head and adds to the feeing that he is uncomfortable. The ferry staff then see this and when escorting the man off the ferry the antagonist denotes that he "was a man (she) met this morning and he wanted (her) to go on the ferry with him". This statement is false and may make the audience have negative views now on the girl as she is telling a 'white lie' which now makes the man in trouble. This also positions the audience to feel sympathy for the man. This also connotes how there is a status difference between disability and non-disability as the police/ferry staff listened and believed the female antagonists' false acquisitions.

3) 'MIX TAPE' - AUDIENCE

I think the target audience for this short film would be British adults aged 35-50 in social classes B-C2. I think that if the audience was British this would be an advantage to them as they would be able to relate more to the British culture displayed in the film. I also think that the age of the desired audience is suitable as the audience would have been growing up in the 1970's/1980's when mixtapes were very popular, this could bring a sense escapism (Uses and Gratifications theory - Blumer & Katz) as the audience remember their childhood romances. This therefore may make the film difficult for modern 10 year old children as they may not understand what a mix tape is, however it could be argued that by watching this short film, young children could be educated about the culture of the 1970/80's. Then I think the audience would be in social classes B-C2 as they would have access to technology to view the film on, meaning they would have the 'leisure pound' to spend, but also they would have some free time as they would be able to afford child care/ cleaners to give more time to have free. This is unlike the working class (class D-E) where they would not be able to afford this. 

I think this film would have a similar audience to the film PRIDE (click to open) as they have similar audiences -displayed on the website- This film also features Margret thatcher and is based in the year 1984 which is a similar time period as when Mixtape was based in. 

Finally the film Mixtape was mainly exhibited online as this is where most short films. This description is from a BAFTA meeting where Luke Snellin's (the director of the short film) work is displayed: "Since graduating from the prestigious screenwriting degree at Bournemouth University, Luke has written and directed several short films, commercials and music videos that have been broadcast on TV and cinema screens across the globe. His short film Mixtape was nominated for a BAFTA in 2010 and won The Grand Prize in the Virgin Media Shorts Competition. He has since gone on to work with brands such as Wrigleys, LG Home Entertainment and Actimel, and used online tools to successfully promote his work. Here from Luke how he has developed these relationships and entrepreneurial skills to forge a successful career." This text denoted how he became successful over publishing his work online  but also showed his work in cinemas and on TV to catch the attention of a wide audience. 

4) 'LOVEFIELD' - NARRATIVE

Lovefield uses restricted narration cleverly to position the audience to believe that something else is happening. By doing this the audience's attention is 'grabbed' as they search in their minds for clues on the event. This is a form of enigma (Roland Barthes) where by the props and camerawork create questions in the audiences minds and this makes them an active audience. Here are some of the 'clues' in the film that may hint to the audience that a murder/rape event has happened:

Even though restricted narration is used in the short film, making it hard for the audience to have a omniscience view on the story, the narrative structure is linear. This is because there are no jump cuts or flashbacks and the plot is in the same order of the intended story (Bordwell and Thompson).

Because the narrative structure is linear, Todorov's 5 stage process can be applied:

1. EQUILIBRIUM: I think this is when the establishing shots are present in the opening of the film, they denote corn fields, and then a crow on a sign comes into shot. Even though the crow may foreshadow negative events further on, I still think it is part of the equilibrium stage as nothing is shown yet to have caused a 'disruption'.
2. DISRUPTION: I think this is where the props come in to shot (the mobile phone, money, knickers and knife). These all suggest that a disruption has occurred, especially with the non-diegetic soundtrack which is suspending and eerie. 
3. CONFRONTATION: This part of the narrative order is harder to decide as it is usually done by a protagonist. However in Lovefield the audience are lead to believe that the man is an antagonist at first as restricted narration is present at first. So, the confrontation stage I believe is when the man runs to his car and looks for objects to wrap the baby in, even though the audience do not know this yet.
4. RESOLUTION: This is where the man comes back to the women and hands her the towel, this is also when the audience are revealed that the women was actually in labour and that the man is actually a protagonist. This could also be where the ambulance arrives for the women.
5. NEW EQUILIBRIUM: I think this is where the camera tracks out and pans across the corn fields once again. However this time the non-diegetic soundtrack has changed to a more light-hearted track as the audience are now omniscience about the events in the film. 

Binary oppositions (Claiude Levi-Strauss) are present in Lovefield: One is between protagonists and antagonists where the audience is positioned to believe that that the man is an antagonist at first, then changes to a protagonist after the real events are revealed. Another binary opposition is between life and death: this is where the audience are first lead to believe that a death has occurred, where actually a baby had been born.

5) 'THIS IS ME' - GENRE

As Rick Altmann suggests, a 'semantic code' is a visual code that communicates meaning for the spectator, and sees them as building blocks for any genre.

Semantic codes in 'This is me':

The toy plane: as this is a main part of the film after the man narrates how he is in hospital, so this could foreshadow its significance in the film later. This is told through a sarcastic tone which connotes comedy and how the man has now accepted his unfortunate injuries.

The wife: The mans wife connotes the comedy genre as she is represented in a comical way. She has a very unique style, and then seems to boss her husband around. Then when the man is in hospital he narrates how she only visits him monthly and sets a timer for her visit when she does, this highlights her neglect for her husband, even though he descried her in a comical way.


The man outside sunbathing: The way he sunbathes in his garden is seen as a comical stereotype in film .He sits right in the middle of the garden and is seated in a sun chair.

Syntatic codes in 'This Is Me':

Rick Altmann also said that specific 'syntatic codes' helped to reveal genre in a piece: Syntatic codes are typical conventions that fit into a certain genre. Therefore syntatic codes for any genre include

• typical themes
• typical character relations
• typical binary oppositions
• typical narrative endings
• typical narrative narrative disruptions

Therefore in 'This Is Me' syntatic codes include: comedy, sarcasm, the bossy wife, the incident, the ill husband and healthy wife, and the circular narrative structure. So all these elements added created create a comedy genre, but there is also a hint of drama in the film making it maybe a hybrid film. 

Steve Neale (1990) said that "each genre repeats conventions of the genre formula, whilst also creating new variations" and this is because "media producers need to meet the expectations of consumers whilst also offering something fresh and different". Therefore, the conventions that make the short film a comedy are:

• sarcastic narration
• very eccentric characters
• an unusual accident
• colourful lighting (at the flashback)

But the short film created variations by including new story lines: the man in hospital creates a more serious tone to the comical genre which is not common to see at the start of a film of this genre. This therefore offers "something fresh and different" to audiences. 

A2: Lovefield Genre Theory Application - Ettie Greenwood

Summary synopsis:
Lovefield is a short film by Mathieu Ratthe. The film leads the audience to believe that a women has been raped and mudered (through all parts of mise en scene) and restricted narration. However in fact a women is having a baby and this is dentoed at the end when a new born babies cry is heard. This obviously shocks the viewer and is a good example of how a film can promote different thoughts and feelings through spectator positioning.

Rick Altmann - Semantic and syntatic codes

As Rick Altmann suggests, a 'semantic code' is a visual code that communicates meaning for the spectator, and sees them as building blocks for any genre. Therefore in 'Lovefield', the semantic codes are:

The blood on what seems like knickers: This may lead the audience to believe that rape has happened because it seems synchronous to the non-diagetic soundtrack -a gloomy style piece which connotes negative events-

The knife: This also hints to the audience that murder has happened and leads the audience to believe that the short film is more from a thriller genre. Also as the knife is shoved into the ground forcefully, this connotes anger to audience impying a negative event.

A crow is usually seen in horror and thriller movies therefore this may persuade the audience to think that the film belongs to one of these genres. Its dark colour also hints negativley.

The bin bag: This almost confirms to the audience that the women is dead as in conventional murder enriched films, a bin bag is usally a significant prop to hide a dead body in. This continues to lead the audience to believe that negative events have happened and that the man denoted is an antagonist.


The baby: The denotation of the new born baby is the turning point in the film as this is where the audience's guess on the plot get changed dramatically. The audiences views on the previous semantic codes become positive instead of negative and this my incline shock as they werent expecting it.


These semantic codes manipulate the audience to have certain views on what is happening. This connotes how by using restricted narration, certain perspectives on a film can be created, whether they are actually true or not.

Rick Altmann also said that specific 'syntatic codes' helped to reveal genre in a piece: Syntatic codes are typical conventions that fit into a certain genre. Therefore syntatic codes for any genre include

• typical themes
• typical character relations
• typical binary oppositions
• typical narrative endings
• typical narrative narrative disruptions

So, in the short film Lovefield, the syntatic codes include death, newborn baby, male antagonist - female protagonist, and a narritive disruption from the revealing of the baby. These codes all fit into the thriller genre at first due to all conveying typical themes, character relations etc. at first, then these codes switch through a narrative disruption to change the genre to drama with love elements (a hybrid film)

Steve Neale - Repetition and Variation

 Neale (1990) studied a range of film genres in depth and found that each genre repeats conventions of the genre formula whilst also making new variations.

For example, the first part of the short film fits into a thriller genre: it denotes, dark lighting, crescending music, a male antagonist/ female protagonist, and props to suits the genre like a knife and the presence of blood. These aspects fit into Neale's theory where he says that 'each genre repeats conventions of the genre formula'. However in the case of Lovefield, the 'new variations' part of his theory is where there is a plot twist to reveal a new born baby. Because of this event the short film changes genre to more of a drama/romantic style. By using this variation, Neale suggests that this helps films to become more unique and makes sure that the film 'will succeed in a competitive media world'.

A2: Evaluating Skills Development in AS - Ettie Greenwood

A2: 'About a Girl' Analysis of representation (Class and Age) - Ettie Greenwood

• The first scene denotes a young girl singing and dancing in a field. Here she is represented as young and possibly lonely because she is alone, and she is doing an activities which as usually associated with children. She is also thought as innocent as she is in no danger, and because the audience can not yet see what she looks like (costume/hair/makeup) she seems as if she is the stereotypical child. However a binary opposition is created when she sings and the lyrics that she sings denote: "I've had enough, I'm not that innocent" and "I'm lonely". This may foreshadow a negative experience in her life and how that she wants to feel more grown up.

• When the girls costume is revealed, the audience may hold assumptions about her personality. The girl wears a white oversized puffer coat, tracksuit bottoms and large hoop earrings. This is the stereotypical of what some people think that a 'CHAV' would wear. As this type of person usually has negative assumptions, it may lead the audience to believe that she has had a troubled upbringing; especially as this personality is associated with the working class.

• The setting also connoted the working class environment: As the girl walks through the neighbour hood, a lot of run down neighbourhoods are denoted along with frequent graffiti and rubbish littered. This highlights the poverty influenced area and with the post-production effect: destaturated colour, the setting seems to be a negative place to be.

• Cuts are used throughout the piece to reinforce realism: It also allows continuity to be achieved as the sequence can flow without any obvious changes.

• The lighting in the sequence is dull and realist. This makes the setting seem real but unpleasant and adds to the working class environment. It may also foreshadow negative events later (getting rid of the baby).

• Throughout the piece, the camera is kept mostly at eye-level. This is so the audience can feel like the girl is talking to them as if they were her friend, and it also allows the audience to sympathize with her. However after the girl drops the bag in the river (the audience do not yet know what is in it), the camera moves away from the girl and raises up to a birds-eye view shot. This creates a sense of the relationship between the audience and the girl ending. This may foreshadow the audiences' reaction in the next shot whereby the dead baby is denoted to sink to the bottom of the reader, therefore the audiences reaction -whether sympathy or anger- may connote a change in the relationship/view that they had on the girl before.

• The girls accent: Slang and northern may also indicate to the audience about her background. These accents are stereotypically joined with those who are poverty stricken so  the audience may assume that she comes from a similar class.

• The girls' age is connoted throughout the whole piece. At one point she says: "I'm not 5...I'm 13" which may connote her desire to grow up quickly. She also talks about her future and how when shes older she will be rich. famous and "drink Bacardi breezers". This highlights her youth as most children have unrealistic dreams. It is also therefore a binary opposition from realism and her dreams, but also from poverty and wealth.

A2: 'Never Forget' Analysis of Representation (Gender) - Ettie Greenwood

• The first scene denotes parallel cuts of two people getting ready to go out. A non-diegetic soundtrack accompanies this (a piano instrumental piece) which gives a romantic feel to the piece. Both characters are stereotypical of their gender: the women is wearing a dress and heels, and the man is wearing a formal suit. The are then seen to be traveling, then when the man picks up his phone to call the women the audience can immediately tell that they are a couple. This is because the mans' 'lock screen' picture (shown through a CU) is an image of both of them together. This sets up the expectation for the reader that it will be a positive and loving night. 

• When the women gets questioned about what she did the previous night she seems uneasy and it is obvious to the audience that she is lying. This is confirmed when flashbacks are shown of the night before where she had gone out and the audience then assume that she slept with a guy even though she was married (she is shown taking off her ring discretely). As she talk on the phone about her night the camera tilts down slightly to form a low angle shot. This connotes that she has more power than the man at this time as she has lied to him and cheated on their relationship. This is shown with CU's of the man to emphasize his grief and emotions towards her actions (this is because he saw her going off with the new man).

• When the man ends the phone call after saying: "I want you to remember for the rest of your life, this is all your fault.." this could foreshadow bad events. This turns out to happen as moments later the man jumps of the building that he was in before and lands just in front of the women who was walking to the building. This part of the film is very shocking but could also be argued that it is a little over-exaggerated. However this may suggest that the man had very strong reactions and emotions towards the event as his reaction was fairly extreme. But it may also suggest that he is not your typical male character as the assumed reaction to this event would be anger with the women and not death. However the audience do not see the man cry, which means he holds with the stereotypical view that 'men don't cry'. 

• Femininity is shown in the clip when the girl screams: her scream is high pitched and long which denotes a stereotypical female scream. It is also very piercing and shocking which connotes that the event was unexpected for the women. In this shot, a low angle is also denoted which suggests power to the women (maybe unwanted power) as she has just caused the death, but it also allows the audience to see her facial expressions as she looks down at the dead man- it could also be argued as a slight POV shot- Also, be angling the camera up, this could foreshadow the event as the man jumps from the building.

A2 - 'Never Forget' Represenation of Gender - Olivia Farren

• In the first scene of this short film, we can hear the diegetic sound of music playing - the music is classical and could be described as 'swarve' - we also think this because whilst we hear the music playing, we see a males' hand unzipping the suit cover, therefore from the first scene the audience can link these two parts of the shots and make an assumption that the male character is being represented as smart and swarve (something that is often used to describe men, not women).
• The suit that we see the male character getting ready in; fixing his cufflinks and bow tie, the act of this clearly important as it's being shown to us in a CU shot; is an outfit that is stereotypically related to men - an item that only smart men wear - not women, and so can see that he is being represented as a stereotypical, smart male, therefore the audience can easily recognise the gender of the first character that appears in this short film.
• There is then a jump cut from the man getting ready, to a woman walking - straight away we notice differences as there is calming, classical music playing whilst the man gets ready, and then there is the noise of cars and the street when we then cut to see the women - the fact the jump cut shows us two completely different things can reflect how both characters are completely different (noticeably in gender).
• When we cut to first see the women, we straight away hear the diegetic sound of her footsteps - notably the sound of high heels clipping, a sound that we automatically relate to women.
• The fact that the female character is wearing heels, tights and a dress, shows us that she's being portrayed as very feminine - as this choice of costume is typically of what women are expected to wear and look like. So although we can see that she is being represented as feminine, it's also fairly stereotypically as this doesn't represent the female gender as a whole.
• Even though the female character isn't wearing much make up, the fact that the little make up she is wearing is emphasised by her checking it in the mirror tells us that the way she looks is very important to her - the assumption that look is very important and cared about it related to being feminine and female, which is contrasted to the fact that we don't see the male character checking himself in the mirror whilst he's getting ready at all.
• Along with the fact that we see the female character checking her hair and make up in the compact mirror, this CU shot gives us an view of what she's doing - checking her hair and make up, clearly showing us her feminine features and therefore also representing her as being feminine due to her actions.
• This CU shot also allows us to see that the compact mirror is in the shape of a heart - a shape that is very commonly associated with love, which is stereotypically what women are more obsessed and care about, as well as representing that women are the caring and nurturing gender, and so this heart-shaped compact mirror represents this character as being kind and loving - reflecting typical attributes of a women.
• In the short film, there is cross-cutting between the male and female characters as they're on the phone to each other, when the female answers the phone, she immediately says "I'm literally one minute away" in a stressed tone - the dialogue and the tone of voice that is used tells us that she is in a hurry as she's running late, and being late is a typical characteristic of females, usually to do with them taking time to get themselves ready, the fact she seems to be late suggests that she has taken too much time on worrying about her appearance - giving us the impression the impression that she's vein, yet another stereotypical aspect of the female gender, the idea that she is vein is again backed up in the previous shot of her looking in her compact mirror, maybe the reason she is running late?

A2 - 'About a Girl' Representation of Class and Age - Olivia Farren

• In the first scene we see the girl alone in a field - this could portray her innocence to us as we see her singing/dancing, something that most young girls stereotypically love. Although in this scene we could tell her as being young due to her being alone and singing (having nothing to worry about), we could also say she's being portrayed as unimportant - due to her being in the shadows and not shown fully, which could be telling us that she's unimportant due to her social background/class, although at this point we are yet to find that out.
• Throughout the short film, we see the girl talking to the camera whilst walking along the canal - here, age could be presented to us through the use of eye line match with the camera, which could be because are being made to sympathise with her whilst she's talking (almost patriotic), therefore we see her as being young.
• Along with the camera angle in these shots along the canal, there is also a very dull/dingy lighting - which we could connote with unhappiness and uncleanliness (both of which we could also relate to poverty), therefore this lighting tells us of the low class she is a part of/ living amongst.
• Not only is this dull/ cloudy lighting used in the scenes walking along the canal but also in the other scenes that we cut to; for example; when she's sitting in a café with her dad; - telling us that she's always been in this unhappy situation (possibly due to her class).
• When she's talking to the camera, we can clearly notice that she has a strong accent - we could collectively recognise this accent and dialect that she uses as being North West - which is an area that is, sometimes stereotypically, known to be an area with a lot of poverty and a lot of families living below the breadline, and so therefore we relate this accent that she is using to a low class.
• When the short film cuts to a scene of the girl with her dad, we see a father and daughter together - we often think that this relationship is mostly about a dad caring for a daughter, and therefore we think of the daughter being young, therefore this presents her age to us.
• Another scene in which she is presented to us as being fairly young, is that when she is sitting outside the pub whilst her dad is inside - the fact that she is outside, and not inside shows us that she is too young to contribute to this social practise. 
• The parallel cutting between the shots of the girl walking along the canal and the narrative shots of the girl in a small scene, could reflect how she's constantly in the same position - due to always being brought back to the same shot of her walking by the canal, possibly meaning that she has limited opportunities and therefore is seen in the same place again and again to show to the audience that her wealth is little to none and therefore so are her opportunities - representing her class to us.
• When we see the young girl walking along the canal, we notice that the surrounding area is run down, full of rubbish and dull-looking - these houses along the canal look a lot like stereotypical council houses, and so the audience can recognise that and then make a link between these houses and lower class that she is a part of. This aspect of mise en scene is important as it's clear to the audience to make connections between the run-down area and the characters class.
• As well as aspects of mise en scene, editing and camera angles; the dialogue also gives us a clear representation of her age, as she says; "like I'm 5...but hello, I'm 13"; here this states her age, but also clearly shows us that she is 13 by the sarcastic tone she says this in and the way that she almost wants to be recognised as an adult (what many teenagers want). She also says "my mum says..." a number of times; the fact that she listens and repeats what her mum says shows us that she still lives under her mums rules, and therefore again reflects her age as being fairly young.
• When the film cuts to the scene of the girl and her friends singing on the bus, this gives us an easily recognisable representation of young girls - giggling and having fun together, as well as this, the fact that they are travelling on a bus shows that they have little money and are too young to drive themselves.
• In many shots, she is wearing the same silver puffa coat - the fact that she is persisitantly wearing the same coat shows us that she has little money to have more than one coat - therefore reflecting her class to us again.